My Fears

Coming into the last week of our 18-week journey gives me an
opportunity to reflect on the various fears I’ve harbored along the
way, how I’ve tried to deal with them, and what’s actually come about.

Even before we left our home on Whidbey Island, I had plenty of time
to imagine all manner of disasters, calamities and misfortunes. It
seems that planning and fear go hand in hand– you try to anticipate
things that may go wrong, and attempt to minimize the risk of
consequences.

The first set of concerns had to do with the kora around Mt. Kailash,
which includes crossing a mountain pass at an elevation of 18,600 ft.
Any time a person goes that high, there is a danger of altitude
sickness, or hypothermia, or freezing of fingers or toes.

Altitude sickness is somewhat unpredictable and can occur even among
those who have been or similar or higher elevations before. The
recommended treatment is to descend to a lower altitude immediately,
but when the base of the mountain is at 15,000 feet, you can’t go
lower than that. In order to deal with this eventuality, I decided to
rent a Gamow bag to take along in case of emergency, but as it turned
out, neither Julian nor I had any significant difficulty with the
altitude.

With the perspective of hindsight, I would say that the Gamow bag was
unnecessary. [In fact, at the last minute our Tibetan guide, without
consulting us, didn’t bring the bag on the kora anyway.]

Both Julian and I were relatively fit and we ascended the mountain
more gradually than many others do. So while it was highly recommended
by our trekking agency, if I were to do it again, I would leave the
Gamow bag behind.

Hypothermia or frostbite are usually the result of winter storms that
can bring windy and cold conditions. We only had one night where the
temperature dropped below freezing, so there was never any danger of
frostbite on this trip.

I had heard stories of people being bitten by dogs in Tibet,
especially by the Tibetan Mastiff that can be particularly fearsome as
it tries to protect its territory. Our Tibetan guide in Lhasa
described one of his clients who got bitten when she went to pee
behind a nomad’s tent.

I had thought about trying to take along some pepper spray to have on
hand, but didn’t do so. As it turned out, we saw plenty of dogs in
Tibet, but they all seemed to ignore us as long as we ignored them. We
never felt in danger of being bitten by a dog.

I had also worried about having difficulty sleeping in Kathmandu or
Lhasa where there are often dogs that bark a lot at night. A Nepali
friend of ours, on a recent trip to Kathmandu had difficulty sleeping
almost every night due to barking dogs.

I took along some ear plugs and there were nights when there were
barking dogs, but the ear plugs had limited effectiveness. So I wasn’t
able to find a satisfactory remedy.

Insomnia is an issue I deal with more frequently as I grow older. It’s
not always easy to figure out why it happens when it does, though
noises can definitely keep me awake.

Certainly caffeine and alcohol contribute to the problem. I feel much
better and sleep better when I don’t have any caffeine after noon and
limit my intake of alcohol to no more than three drinks a week.

But sometimes, even without caffeine or alcohol I find myself lying
awake, feeling in need of sleep, but not feeling sleepy. The best
remedy for this I’ve found is to get up and sit zazen. Usually 30-45
minutes of zazen will quiet my mind enough for me to fall asleep.
Sometimes, I fall asleep soon after going to bed, then wake up around
midnight or 2:00 am with insomnia. If I do some meditation then, it
seems to help me to go back to bed and sleep.

Sometimes, my insomnia is associated with muscle cramps. If I have
over-exerted a set of muscles during the day, then for some reason, at
night those muscles will cramp up and give me a “charley horse”.

I’ve found that if I make a point of drinking lots of water, sometimes
fortified with a calcium tablet, the cramps will go away. I feared
that muscle cramps would be a problem on this trip, especially with
the mountain trekking, but as it turned out, I never had any problem
with this at all.

Food and water-bourne illness was also something I was concerned
about. When I was living in Nepal in the early 70s, I was extremely
cautious about food and water. As advised by Peace Corps staff, I
never ate any raw salads, except when the vegetables had been soaked
in a solution of iodized water. And I never drank any water that had
not been either boiled or treated with iodine. These were clearly
effective measures then, as Westerners, who drank untreated water or
uncooked food, often came down with diarrhea, giardia, amoebic
dysentary, hepatitis or typhoid fever. So before we left, I was
prepared to follow the same regimen.

On this trip we carried a UV water purifier (Steri-Pen) and used it to
treat the tap water we used for teeth brushing and some drinking. For
drinking water in restaurants, we usually purchased bottled water.
However, I also drank well water (for the first time) from homes in
Nepal where we were invited to share meals. Neither Cynthia nor I
suffered suffered any ill effects.
We’ve been happily surprised that in all of our travel through these
several countries, neither one of use has had any stomach problems at
all.

In all previous trips to Nepal, we have taken medication to prevent
malaria. There are lots of mosquitoes, especially in the Terai, where
we would be going to visit our friends in Taulihawa. But this time, we
decided to forego the malaria medication and just bring along insect
repellent.

Also, we knew that dengue fever is common in Cambodia and Thailand. A
friend of ours came down with a nasty case of dengue fever in Thailand
recently. But since there is no vaccine or prophylactic for dengue
fever, here too we were dependent on insect repellent, mosquito coils
and mosquito nets for sleeping.

I’m definitely not Buddhist when it comes to mosquitoes or the
microbes in the blood that are responsible for malaria and dengue
fever. Not only do I think it is necessary to kill those living
organisms that cause illness in our bodies, but that it is perfectly
reasonable to kill mosquitoes that land on our skin or hover around
our bodies attempting to.
I remember at a meditation retreat on Whidbey Island, during one
particular round of zazen, I had mosquitoes land right on my nose and
forehead. As they bit me, I kept telling myself, “There is no malaria
on Whidbey Island. THERE IS NO MALARIA ON WHIDBEY!!” I could barely
resist slapping the insects, but somehow the peer pressure of sitting
motionless kept me from doing so. But here in the tropics where there
IS malaria and dengue fever, I’m okay with slapping mosquitoes.

I just wish I knew how so many people seem to be able to live here in
the tropics with mosquitoes all around. They are certainly not using
insect repellent, and you don’t see them killing many by slapping
them. Occasionally, people do sleep under mosquito nets. I do know
that the incidence of malaria and dengue fever are both high in this
part of the world, but I guess my question is, why isn’t EVERYONE
sick? I just don’t know.

In fact, the not knowing seems to be a big part of all these fears.
The not knowing is a given when you travel. It seems that an essential
part of venturing out is acceptance of the unknown.

It also helps when you travel with a partner who can help balance the
fear and the fearlessness. Often when I am feeling a bit vulnerable or
worrisome, Cynthia is the one who figuratively (or sometimes
literally) gives me a shake to make me snap out it. Other times, when
she starts to indulge in a bit too much speculation, I am the one to
be decisive. It actually works out quite well.

Also, it helps to have so many friends who wished us well in our
travels. We feel the support connection all the time. And I still
carry the tiger eye amulet in my pocket everyday as a reminder of that
connection.

Sea and Jungle of southern Thailand

I had heard that southern Thailand had some nice beaches and good
snorkeling sites, so we decided to catch a flight to Phuket. From
there we took a taxi north to Khao Lak, a popular takeoff point for
trips to the Similan Islands Marine National Park.

The Similan Islands are 60 km west of Khao Lak, in the Andaman Sea.
The nine islands of the park are surrounded by protected bays and
coral reefs that are rich with sea life. The beaches are a soft, very
fine pure white sand the consistency of sugar. There is some evidence
of damage to coral reefs due to the tsunami of December, 2004. It hit
this part of Thailand pretty hard. But there is new coral growing on
the rubble of the old and there are plenty of fish making their homes
here.

We saw thousands of fish, from 18-inch blue and green parrot fish to
schools of iridescent blue minnows. I saw a sea snake for the first
time, a reptile about 3 ft long that crawls along the bottom like a
land snake and periodically rises to the surface to take a breath of
air.

Cynthia and I had some very personal encounters with a large curious
sea turtle who swam within inches of our faces before diving below us.

One of the most interesting creatures I saw looked like a jellyfish —
roughly cylindrical in shape, maybe three inches across and 2 inches
top to bottom. The thing that caught my attention was the flashing
lights inside the animal — looked like violet LED lights going on and
off, similar to a firefly, but less regular. I have never heard of
blinking jellyfish before, but I have heard of bioluminescent
jellyfish that can glow. So I need to research this a bit more before
I know whether I’ve come across a new species hitherto unknown to
science.

It turned out that we were diving at the time of a full moon and this
is when baby jellyfish, literally millions of them, each about a
quarter of an inch across rise to the surface in a big cloud. I had
been wearing a silk undershirt to protect myself from the sun but I
suspect it also served to trap baby jellyfish, who, not too happy
about being trapped, naturally gave the offending piece of flesh a
tiny sting. It felt like a slight tingling across my back. So now,
three days later, my back and shoulders are covered with little
itching red spots, slowly healing.

After returning from the snorkeling trip, we decided it was time for
the jungle. So we headed off for a two-day trip to Khao Sok National
Park.

On the way to the park, we stopped at a rubber tree plantation at the
side of the road where a worker was busy collecting the latex that
drips from the trees. Six days a week, after the monsoon season,
workers start around midnight (or before for especially large
plantations) carefully cutting away by hand a strip of bark on the
rubber tree, which then starts to “bleed”. The rivulets of latex flow
into a coconut shell attached to the side of the tree.

By morning, the collecting shells are emptied into shallow trays where
the latex starts to harden. After a few hours, the chunks of latex are
removed from the trays and passed through a wringer (like the wringer
on early washing machines, for those of you fortunate enough to be
able to remember that far back) to remove the excess water.

After running through the ringer, the piece of latex is 18″ X 36″,
about half an inch thick, ready to be sold by the farmer who earns
about $2 per kilogram.

Khao Sok Lake is a large lake that recently formed after construction
of a dam and a hydroelectric generating station. The lake is
surrounded by huge limestone cliffs and dense tropical rainforest.
It’s a fantastic place to just sit quietly and listen to the sounds.
Birds, monkeys and many creatures you can only imagine. It rains
frequently, as you would expect, but the rain is soft and warm and you
realize there really isn’t any reason to try to stay dry.

Our latest slideshows:

Snorkeling
http://www.flickr.com/photos/11790404@N02/sets/72157622634027761/show/

Rubber Production
http://www.flickr.com/photos/11790404@N02/sets/72157622758272662/show/

Khao Sok Lake
http://www.flickr.com/photos/11790404@N02/sets/72157622634142565/show/

Limestone Cave
http://www.flickr.com/photos/11790404@N02/sets/72157622634046917/show/

Time for a Vacation

This week in southern Thailand has really felt like rest and
relaxation. It seems we needed a break from our pilgrimage.

David found a somewhat isolated place, Poseiden Bungalows, which also
runs three day live-aboard snorkeling trips out to the Similan Islands
which are about four hours off the coast of Thailand (60 km). After a
few nights in the bungalow and a couple of days getting used to the
warm water of the Andaman Sea, we along with 13 others climbed aboard
and headed out to sea. On the way out we saw a minke whale and flying
fish. We went to about three different snorkeling spots that
afternoon.

We are right on the cusp between monsoon season and high (tourist)
season which is great because it isn’t yet crowded, though the weather
can be somewhat unpredictable. Some places had quite a bit of wave
action and others a strong current. Some were blessed with both and a
few had quiet water so that one could focus completely on the rich and
colorful sea life. We swam with very friendly, very large sea turtles
and an electric jelly fish as well as many angel fish, sergeant major
fish, a water snake, parrot fish, unicorn fish, trigger fish and many
others.

David swam at each of the 10 snorkel stops but I passed on a couple
that seemed particularly challenging.

We were all exploring one of the islands, when the winds really picked
up and the waves combined with the wind made it impossible for our
dingy to safely get to shore to pick us up. As we watched, conditions
continued to deteriorate. Fortunately, we were on an island in the
tropics and knew we would survive the elements if we were stranded
overnight. Even more fortunately, however, we were on the island that
houses the Navy Rescue team for these Islands. They saw our
predicament and came to our rescue with their large heavy duty pontoon
boat.

When we got out to our boat, however, our captain and the captain of
the rescue boat realized that the sea was too rough for us to move
directly from one boat to the other so we had to jump out of the raft
and our crew pulled us in with a rope. We all made the transfer
safely, cheered the Thai Navy rescue team, our own very competent crew
and set down to another Thai feast that the cook and her assistant
prepared in her closet of a kitchen amidst the storm and the rescue
operation.

The crew, the guide and the other 13 snorkelers were great to get to
know. It was a very international group with at least 8 nationalities
represented.

We returned to our bungalow for a night, then headed out to the jungle
which is about two hours away. We stayed in a bamboo hut on a raft in
a huge lake surrounded by jungles and limestone mountains. It was
gorgeous and full of exotic sounds. We were able to kayak along the
shore and, thanks to our guide’s sharp eye, observe monitor lizards
and langur monkeys, several long tailed macaque, and an iguana. As
evening came, we saw about 15 gibbon monkeys gathering in one tree for
the night.

There was quite a symphony of bird song in the morning as David and I
went for an early morning paddle in a soft warm rain. As we were
having our first coffee, we saw a pair of great hornbills fly above us
and land in a tree and take off again. They are very awkward flyers
and are reminiscent of pterodactyls.

Later in the day we did a short trek with our guide, a couple from
Germany and a Japanese woman. We went over a pass to another lake,
then into a cave filled by stalactites and stalagmites and formations
like none that we had ever seen before. The cave was only discovered
5 years ago and is in quite pristine condition since it is difficult
to get to.

We are back in the bungalow and having spent the morning lounging on
the beach, will have our last evening in this sweet place before we
head to Bangkok to meet our friend Todd and see what unfolds in our
final 10 days.

Temples of Angkor

The stone ruins surrounding the city of Siem Reap, Cambodia testify to
an empire that dominated southeast Asia for over 600 years, from 802
to 1432 CE. At its zenith, the Khmer empire had over a million
inhabitants. Angkor Wat was the world’s largest temple and Angkor Thom
a nearby walled city.

The Angkorian period began when king Jayavarman II, who first
consolidated Cambodia’s competing kingdoms in 802 CE. He declared
himself a god-king, an incarnation of the Hindu god Shiva.

Many of the temples at Angkor have bas-relief carvings depicting
classical Hindu stories. However, by the late 12th century, ongoing
development shows a clear Buddhist influence, as Jayavarman VII builds
images of Avalokiteshvara, Bodhisattva of Compassion.

The scale of stone temples at Angkor is quite amazing. While huge,
many are covered with intricately carved detail. After the decline of
the Khmer empire, the temples were completely hidden by the
encroaching jungle.

The ruins were “rediscovered” by the French in the 1860s, but it took
many decades before significant archeology or restoration took place.
In 1992, Angkor was declared a World Heritage Site by the UN.

Today there are areas which are still largely piles of rubble
completely overgrown by tree roots. We were struck by how effective
the jungle is in reducing human works of stone into rock piles.

Cambodian Silk Production

I’ve always wanted to know how silk is made and at the Artisans of
Angkor Silk Factory in Siem Reap, Cambodia, I got my chance to find
out.

The factory is surrounded by fields of mulberry bushes, which are
harvested to feed the silk worms.

The building in which the silk worms are kept stands on foundation
blocks that are surrounded by small pools of water. This design
prevents ants from coming in the building; ants would soon kill the
silk worms if they got in.

The mulberry leaves are chopped up and fed to the worms, which grow
rapidly into caterpillars from only a millimeter to well over 5 cm
long in about 3 weeks.

Then the caterpillar starts to spin its cocoon from a single strand of
silk that emerges from its mouth. The silk strand is eventually 400
meters long. The cocoon must then be placed in the sun to kill the
caterpillar inside before it transforms into a pupa; otherwise the
moth that develops will break the silk strand when it emerges from the
cocoon, rendering it useless for harvesting the silk. About 20% of the
pupae are left to develop into moths which will lay eggs for the next
generation of caterpillars.

The cocoons to be harvested are placed in hot water where they soften.
A wire whisk is used to find the end of the silk strand. For the first
100 meters, strands from many cocoons are bundled together and drawn
up to form the thread of raw silk, a courser form of silk than fine
silk.

The remaining 300 meters is used to make fine silk; here strands from
each cocoon are drawn up separately.

Originally the silk has a yellow color and is very stretchy. To make
the silk fibers suitable for making fabrics, they must be bleached and
colored. The bleaching process also makes the fibers much less
stretchy, which is essential for weaving textiles.

The silk is then wound onto bobbins. Silk being selected as warp
threads for weaving are threaded though special combs and wound onto
large reels where they are cut to length and prepared for the loom.

The factory we visited has about 30 looms on which silk textiles are
made, using several different methods. The women doing the weaving
seem to have incredibly keen eyesight and boundless patience. The
fabric they produce is stunningly beautiful and remarkably soft to the
touch.

The silk from this farm is sent to many women who weave in their homes
in rural villages in northern Cambodia.

Landmines in Cambodia

One thing we noticed right away in Cambodia is the large number of
amputees and blind people; many lost their feet or legs or eyes after
stepping on landmines — farmers working in the rice fields, children
playing, ordinary people going about their business. Cambodia has one
of the highest concentrations of landmines in the world, left over
from the military conflicts of the 1970-80s.

In 1953 Cambodia gained independence from the French. For the next 15
years, under King Norodom Sihanouk, Cambodia remained relatively
prosperous and peaceful, though it couldn’t completely isolate itself
from the war in neighboring Vietnam.

In 1969, President Richard Nixon authorized the secret bombing of
Cambodia, in an attempt to drive out North Vietamese forces. The
bombing began along the border with Vietnam but soon spread deep into
the interior as Vietnamese communists retreated deeper into Cambodia.
Several hundred thousand refugees fled their homes. See a map of
bombing targets on the Yale University website at
http://www.yale.edu/cgp/us.html

During the US bombing campaign, more bombs were dropped on Cambodia
than had been used by all sides during WW II. By 1973, when the
bombing was halted by the US congress, roughly 250,000 Cambodians an
an unknown number of Vietnamese had been killed.

In 1969, while Sihanouk was on a trip to France, General Lon Nol
deposed him as chief of state and Sihanouk took up residence in
Beijing where he set up a government in exile, in alliance with a
Cambodian revolutionary movement, the Khmer Rouge.

In 1970, US and South Vietnamese forces invaded Cambodia. Vietnamese
communists then joined with Khmer Rouge forces to destabilize the Lon
Nol government. The Khmer Rouge rapidly established control over the
countryside.

On April 17, 1975, two weeks before the fall of Saigon to the North
Vietnamese, the government of Lon Nol collapsed and Phnom Penh
surrendered to the Khmer Rouge. The victory of the Khmer Rough then
led to one of the most brutal restructurings of society the world has
ever seen. For details, visit Yale University’s website at
http://www.yale.edu/cgp/

Immediately thousands of people were executed — anyone connected with
the Lon Nol government, journalists, teachers, doctors, nurses,
business people, anyone with an education. City dwellers fled to the
countryside. Chaos followed as families were broken up, children
forced to work in rice fields, parents taken to “reeducation” camps,
and the sick or weak or elderly eliminated.

An excellent personal account of the experiences of a 5-year old girl
during this period is the book, “First They Killed My Father: a
daughter of Cambodia remembers” by Loung Ung, 2000. Today, Loung Ung
lives in America and works for

During the 1970-80s, landmines were laid by the Khmer Rouge, the
Vietnamese and the Americans. They were manufactured by many
countries, including the US, China and Russia. One of the most popular
landmines, the M18A1 is manufactured by the US company, Morton
Thiokol. The design of this particular landmine has been copied by
(sometimes licensed to) companies in other countries as well.
Landmines cost only a few dollars to manufacture, but they are
extremely difficult to locate and defuse after they are on the ground.
They generally remain live for several decades, so even long after a
war has ended, landmines remain a dangerous threat to civilians living
in the area.

We visited the Cambodia Landmine Museum in Siem Reap. The museum was
founded by Aki Ra, a former Khmer Rouge soldier who personally laid
thousands of landmines. Later he defected to the Vietnamese and
eventually, after the war was over, made it his personal mission to
defuse as many landmines as he was able. See his story at
http://cambodianselfhelpdemining.org/

For more information about mine clearing efforts in Cambodia, visit:

The Landmine Relief Fund
http://www.landmine-relief-fund.com/

The Vietnam Veterans Mine Clearing Team – Cambodia
http://members.optushome.com.au/glaust/index-1.htm

From Nepal to Cambodia

The morning we left Nepal we had quite a number of people seeing us off, including Sumita’s family and friends who stopped the bus and climbed aboard for one last photo opportunity. It was a very touching farewell after our time in Nepal.
A couple hours on a very crowded bus brought us to a border town in Nepal where we decided to travel open air on a rickshaw the few kilometers to the actual border checkpoints. With quick crossings out of Nepal and into India, we boarded yet another very crowded bus headed to the major train transportation hub, Gorakhpur.
We had a challenging time with the pushiness and the constant grasping that we experienced as soon as we arrived in India.  It felt like we were being hustled at every turn. I see it in the way they drive, doing anything to edge out other vehicles. We had a driver who terrified us and risked the lives of many other people and then asked us for a tip beyond an already exorbitant price. We were told that they thought of us as their “mother and father” and “I am your friend” unlike everyone else in Delhi, all the while asking for more and more. Although we slept fairly well on the overnight train to Delhi, exhaustion led us to a pretty basic hotel in a questionable area of town. We did have warm water one of the days we were there and occasionally even toilet paper. There was one quite sweet young man who made sure we had breakfast each day. Maybe in crowds they live in, aggression is a means of survival.
David and I have just finished reading Freedom in Exile by the Dalai Lama. The Indians provided him and thousands of refugees with land and a home and the possibility of creating community. I think, possibly, my experience coming after such a generous experience in Nepal and nearing the end of a lengthy period of travel overwhelmed me. Nonetheless, the result was that we left India as quickly as possible and arrived in Siem Reap, Cambodia after a two hour stop in Bangkok, hence our jet setting blitz of 4 countries in 5 days.
We stayed in a lovely small garden guesthouse, our room surrounded by windows all looking out at huge tropical plants, with what we came to call dog frogs (frogs whose croak sounded just like dogs) serenading us each evening as we fell asleep. In spite of a nightmarish history, we found the Cambodian people to be gentle, and soft spoken and welcoming in every way which actually left us wanting to give more to them.  We have learned of a number of non-profits doing everything from offering stability and education to street children to butterfly projects trying to create sustainable income to a landmine removal effort also supporting an orphange for children maimed by landmines (6 million remain buried in the countryside).
We enjoyed our visits to temples in the Angkor area, many of which have been there for up to a thousand years. They are generally built of sandstone with beautiful intricate carvings. Many are being overtaken by the plants and trees of the surrounding tropical environment. Much effort is going into stabilizing and restoring them. We arrived just on the cusp of the real tourist season starting so the crowds weren’t too think and we were able to take our time and soak up the unique atmosphere here.
We enjoyed a Cambodian cooking class and may subject some of our friends. The Khmer food is very subtly flavored with wonderful fresh ingedients which we are hoping to search out when we return home. We also visited a silk farm and saw the whole process from worm to beautifully woven fabric. This group is working to train artisans in the traditional arts of Cambodia.
We had the same tuk-tuk driver during our stay and he shared with us his experience of volunteering to help encourage the child beggers to get off the streets which has become an amazing successful project. One Australian woman read an article in a newpaper and on her way home from work, she stopped and booked a ticket to Cambodia. She found the work she was called to do which has led to the empowerment of countless children and their families. One never knows where one drop might reach.
I was very sad to leave Cambodia this morning and I hold onto the possibility of returning. For now I will work at finding a way to enjoy Thailand for the next 3 weeks.

Slideshow of Taulihawa and nearby Buddhist sites

Slideshows for Taulihawa, where we visited friends and joined in
celebration of Tihar, and Lumbini, Kapilavastu and other Buddhist
sites are at:

Taulihawa
http://www.flickr.com/photos/11790404@N02/sets/72157622519956599/show/

Lumbini
http://www.flickr.com/photos/11790404@N02/sets/72157622519998463/show/

Kapilavastu
http://www.flickr.com/photos/11790404@N02/sets/72157622520033869/show/

Kusinagara
http://www.flickr.com/photos/11790404@N02/sets/72157622520043169/show/

Kapilavastu

Kapilavastu is a district in southwestern Nepal in which there was a
kingdom ruled by the Sakya dynasty during the 8th century BCE.
Kapilavastu gets its name from the sage Kapila whose hermitage was
here.

The Sakyas were a people who had settled in a forest of saka trees
south of Himalayas and between the Rohini and Rapti rivers. They grew
rice and raised cattle. The Sakya community consisted of stoneworkers,
iron smiths, woodworkers, weavers and potters. They built a city and
called it Kapilavastu.

In the early 7th century BCE, Kapilavastu was ruled by King
Suddhodana. A neighboring kingdom, Devadaha bordered Kapilavastu on
the east. Matrimonial relations developed between the Koliya royal
family in Devadaha and the Sakyas.

In 575 BCE, King Suddhodana married two sisters Mahadevi and Prajapati
from Devadaha.

Twelve years later a child was born who was to become the Buddha. His
name at birth was Siddhartha. Gautama was the name of his clan. He was
born on the full moon day of the month of Vaisakha in 563 BCE.

He lived in his father’s palace in Kapilavastu. According to legend,
his father went to great lengths to provide a pleasant home
environment for his son and went to great lengths to insulate him from
the misfortunes of life.

Archeological excavations at Tilaurakot, the site of Suddhodana’s
palace have unearthed hundreds of coins, pieces of pottery,
terra-cotta figurines, and stone and metal tools, beads and bangles.
Some of these objects have been dated from the 6th century BCE to the
2nd century CE.

At the age of 16, Siddhartha was married to Yasodhara of Devadaha.
After twelve years of marriage, the bore a son, Rahula.

At the age of 29, Siddhartha Gautama renounced his life as prince,
husband and father, and resolved to discover the key to freedom from
human suffering. He left the palace one night, shaved his head and
became an ascetic.

Six years later, after attaining enlightenment, he began his teaching
career of 45 years.

Soon after his enlightenment at Bodh Gaya, the Buddha, also known as
Sakyamuni returned briefly to Kapilavastu to see his father, his aunt
who had raised him, his wife, and his son.

A place called Kudan is where the Buddha first greeted his father. It
is about 4km south of Tilaurakot. At this time, the Buddha already had
a few hundred monks who accompanied him. To provide a place for them
to practice with their teacher, King Suddhodana built a monastery at
Kudan.

Today there are several mounds of bricks here, but their age is
uncertain. They may be ruins of temples or monasteries built later. In
1962, the site was partially excavated, but items found that could be
accurately dated were no older than the 9th century CE. Further
archaeological work will be required to ascertain the history of this
site.

In 483 BCE, at Kusinagar the Buddha passed away.

Within a couple hundred years of the Sakyamuni Buddha, the idea of
previous Buddha’s began to appear. By the time of king Asoka (3rd
century BCE), many believed that there had been other human Buddhas
before Sakyamuni.

According to both Hinayana and Mahayana teachings, Sakyamuni was
preceded by Krakuchhanda, Kanakamuni and Kasyapa. These are referred
to as Manusi (human) Buddhas. Interestingly, both Krakuchhanda and
Kanakamuni were born and attained enlightenment within 5 miles of
Tilaurakot.

The story of Krakuchhanda told by a renowned Buddhist scholar of
Srilanka, Malalasekera (1983) seems to me to be more apocryphal than
historical, telling that Krakuchhanda stood forty cubits tall, and
died at an age of forty thousand years. According to the story, he
practiced austerities for only eight months, and attained
enlightenment while sitting under a sirisa tree.

During his pilgrimage, King Asoka marked the site of Krakuchhanda’s
enlightenment by erecting a stone pillar at Gotihawa, just 3km west of
Kudan.

Scholar Malalasekera (1983) describes another Manusi Buddha,
Kanakamuni who ostensibly came after Krakuchhandu but before
Sakyamuni. The story tell us that he was 30 cubits tall and lived for
thirty thousand years. Apparently he attained enlightenment while
sitting under an Udumbara tree.

King Asoka identified a site where Kanakamuni attained enlightenment
at Niglihawa, about 5km northeast of Tilauakot. He erected a stone
pillar there and inscribed it in the Brahmi script and the Pali
language. Translated by V. Smith, the inscription says,

“His Majesty King Priyadarsina [Asoka]in the 14th year of this reign
enlarged for the second time the stupa of the Buddha Kanakamuni and in
the 20th year of his reign, having come in person, did reverence and
set up a stone pillar.”

Today the pillar is broken into pieces, two of which can be seen at
Niglihawa. The inscription is clearly visible.

In recent times, this pillar was discovered in 1893 by a Nepalese
officer on a hunting expedition.